Students studying at Campbelltown campus should refer to 300543 - Cell Biology. The cell is the basic unit of life and some basic processes, such as membrane function and the reactions involving DNA, occur in cells of all living organisms. This unit introduces the important biological chemicals involved in those processes and the study of the processes themselves. The unit also examines phenomena such as cell replication, sex cell formation, inheritance, and cell metabolism that are shared by all eukaryotes (animals, protistans, fungi and plants). The biochemical capture of the sun's energy (photosynthesis) is also studied. The evolutionary links between these cellular processes form a framework for the unit, and students consider the origin of life and their own evolution. In addition, students are introduced to the immense potential of recombinant DNA technology.

Students studying at Hawkesbury or Parramatta campus should refer to 300221 - Biology 1. Cells are the foundations of life, and an understanding of cell structure and function is required for anyone working in the medical science field. Most diseases result from or lead to malfunctioning of some aspect of cellular processes such as transport across membranes or cell replication. Underlying normal cell function, however, are the molecules of which cells are composed. Consequently, the unit will introduce lipids, carbohydrates, amino and nucleic acids, then study the processes by which these molecules are manipulated to build and recycle organelles, store and transport energy and transmit genetic information in both the prokaryote and eukaryote domains. Accordingly, the unit will include cell replication, sex cell formation, Mendelian genetics as well as cellular respiration and DNA replication, transcription and translation. The role of DNA technology in biomolecular science will be an important component of the unit and will unify the several topics listed above.

Students studying at Campbelltown campus should refer to 300539 - Biodiversity. This unit examines the diversity of living organisms, how these organisms are classified, and how evolutionary processes resulted in such diversity. The unit also addresses the role of cells, tissues and organs in the structure and function of living whole organisms, how these organisms acquire and assimilate the resources necessary for growth, and how they excrete waste, maintain function and coordinate growth and reproduction. The role of ecosystems in maintaining life is also studied. Students conduct basic investigations using techniques such as microscopy, sectioning, staining and dissection.

Students studying at Hawkesbury or Parramatta campus should refer to 300222 - Biology 2. This unit demonstrates the diversity of living organisms and viruses, with particular emphasis on those that affect human health. Students will discover how these organisms are classified, and how they have evolved. Besides exploring the breadth of biodiversity, the unit also examines the links between organisms. Evolutionary advances made by different taxonomic groups to develop mechanisms for reproduction and growth, respiration, maintaining water balance, excretion, digestion, and coordination will be compared. Ultimately human health depends on a sustainable environment and the study of ecosystems will link the biodiversity components of the unit.

This unit provides a broad introduction to the fundamental principles common to all branches of chemistry. The unit is intended to serve the needs not only of chemistry majors, but also those intending to specialise in other related disciplines. The unit focuses on scientific notation, nomenclature, chemical equations, stoichiometry, the mole concept, atomic structure, periodicity, electronic configuration, structure and bonding, states of matter, intermolecular forces, properties of solutions, chemical thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, and electrochemistry.

Students studying at Hawkesbury or Parramatta campus should refer to 300224 - Chemistry 1. This unit provides an introduction to the principles fundamental to all branches of chemistry. It focuses on atomic structure, periodicity, electronic configuration, structure and bonding, chemical equations, stoichiometry, the mole concept, gas laws, states of matter, intermolecular forces and properties of solutions, chemical thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry, scientific notation, and nomenclature. The unit will emphasise their application to biomedical science, but it is intended to provide a broad, rigorous foundation for studies in all areas of chemistry.

This unit is designed to continue the development of students' understanding of the basic principles of chemistry, with an emphasis on the chemistry of carbon compounds. The unit focuses on introductory chemical dynamics, together with an in-depth treatment of the structure, nomenclature and reactivity of the principal organic functional groups. The unit provides a necessary foundation for subsequent related studies in chemistry, biochemistry, food chemistry, nutrition science, toxicology, environmental science, and related biological sciences and technologies.

Students studying at Hawkesbury or Parramatta campus should refer to 300225 - Chemistry 2. This unit uses medicinal chemistry to continue the development of students' understanding of the basic foundations of chemistry begun in Principles of Chemistry. The unit focuses on introductory chemical and pharmacological kinetics, introduces coordination compounds such as haemoglobin, and goes on to an in-depth treatment of the structure, reactivity and nomenclature of the principal organic functional groups. These are discussed in the context of their role in life, medicine and disease. The unit provides a necessary foundation for subsequent studies in chemistry, biochemistry, and related areas.

This unit aims to develop students with an understanding of the basic principles of animal physiology; the physiologic and homeostatic strategies and mechanisms employed by diverse animal groups particularly among the vertebrates in maintaining normal coordinated body functions under various physical conditions. Topics covered include the physiology of transport system, respiratory system, nutritional strategies, hormones and hormonal control, osmoregulation, neural processing, thermoregulation, reproduction and foetal development.

This unit introduces students to the study of botany so that they will develop a knowledge and understanding of plants. The unit covers the topics of plant anatomy, evolution, morphology and taxonomy, economically important plants and an introduction to Australian plants.

We live in a society where environmental and ecological problems dominate public discourse. Reference is often made to ecology; terms and ideas that came originally from ecology are used in public discussions, and appear in legislation. This unit will introduce students to ecology: what is studied in ecology, how it is studied, what are the strengths and weaknesses or limitations of ecology. The scope of current ecological thinking will be covered, from the scale of individual organisms, through populations, and up to communities and ecosystems. Methods of study will be highlighted; the practical component of the course will introduce the techniques of conducting basic ecological investigations.

The overall aim of this Problem Based Learning unit is to develop greater understanding of the molecular events coordinating the function of living cells within organisms. This Biochemistry unit also demonstrates the relevance of endocrine and metabolic factors that underpin a range of applied sciences, including medicine, food science, pharmaceuticals, nutrition, genetic engineering, health, hybridoma technology, enzyme technology, toxicology and the biological sciences in general.

This unit covers basic principles of human nutrition, including the function of nutrients in prevention and treatment of disease. The unit also covers anti-nutritional factors in foods, functional foods, non-nutrient compounds and their interaction with nutrients, effects of processing on nutrients, nutrient fortification, nutrient labelling of food, and methods for dietary assessment of individuals.

Microorganisms are important in all aspects of our lives. In this unit students will explore the diversity of microorganisms and their significance in the environment, in foods and industry as well as in health and disease. Students will be introduced to the structure, reproduction, classification, cultivation and enumeration of bacteria, viruses and fungi. The conditions required for growth and survival of microorganisms will be studied as well as physical and chemical methods of control. Students will conduct laboratory exercises designed to develop their skills in culturing and observing microorganisms.

This unit discusses the origins of genetic variation in prokaryotes and explores the structure and metabolic diversity of microorganisms from a variety of habitats including extreme environments. Studies of the biochemistry of prokaryotes focus on metabolic strategies for energy generation and growth in various natural environments. Students are introduced to the applications of microbial metabolism in food, wine and other industries. The principles of classification and identification of bacteria and yeasts are developed. This includes an introduction to molecular systematics and its impact on the classification of living organisms and in areas such as molecular diagnostics and epidemiology. The unit also addresses the principles and applications of recombinant DNA techniques in biotechnology and in the study of microbial physiology and genetics. Laboratory classes introduce students to techniques used to study microbial identification, physiology and genetics.

This unit introduces students to the mechanisms by which plants function. It will provide students with a detailed understanding of the processes and pathways involved in plant water, nutrient and energy acquisition and plant growth and development. It also introduces students to the interactions that occur between plants and their external environment including plant stress responses, plant defence strategies, plant - microbe interactions and plant responses to climate change, and how these interactions influence plant physiological processes and growth and development.

Students studying at Campbelltown campus should refer to 300555 - Proteins and Genes. This unit develops understanding of the structure, function and synthesis of proteins, principles of enzyme function and regulation, and the structures and roles of nucleic acids, chromosomes and genes. Topics include the characteristic features of the four levels of protein structure and their significance for protein function; protein denaturation; enzyme function, kinetics and inhibition, allosteric enzymes, and mechanisms of enzyme regulation; structure of DNA, RNA, chromosomes, genes; the molecular events in transcription and translation in bacteria and eukaryotes, and protein modification and targeting. Some campus specific topics, such as complex carbohydrate biochemistry and protein glycosylation at Parramatta may be included.

Students studying at Hawkesbury or Parramatta campus should refer to 300219 - Biochemistry 1. This unit investigates protein structure, function, synthesis and degradation in both health and disease. Students will analyse how proteins fold and how this relates to function, illustrated by proteins such as oxygen carriers, enzymes, and gene regulators. The importance of bioinformatics for analysing protein structure, function and evolution will be emphasised. Discussion of enzyme structure and catalytic mechanisms will provide a deeper understanding of how catalytic proteins work. DNA, gene structure and gene expression (transcription and translation) will be investigated in some detail at the molecular level, including the impact of mutation on protein function. The relevance of post-translational modification, protein targeting and protein degradation for healthy cell function will also be discussed.

Students studying at Campbelltown campus should refer to 300548 - Human Metabolism and Disease. This unit develops understanding of the metabolic processes by which an organism degrades food molecules to generate energy and converts excess food molecules into internal fuel stores. Topics include: bioenergetics; structures of key molecules; glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis and breakdown; fatty acid oxidation and synthesis; amino acid catabolism; urea synthesis; citric acid cycle; electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Emphasis is on regulation and integration of the pathways, including their responses to hormonal regulation. The effects of altered dietary and hormonal status on metabolic pathways and their consequences for the organism will be discussed.

Students studying at Hawkesbury or Parramatta campus should refer to 300220 - Biochemistry 2. Understanding human metabolism at a molecular level underpins our understanding of human health and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. Kinetics and regulation of enzymes will be studied as a preliminary to learning how metabolic pathways work. The central pathways of energy metabolism, their control and inter-relationships will be analysed in detail, including carbohydrate and fat metabolism; ATP synthesis involving electron transport and ATP synthase; and nitrogen metabolism, including aspects of amino acid degradation and urea synthesis. Emphasis will be placed on enzyme and hormonal regulations, the roles of different tissues in metabolic homeostasis; and the consequences for human health when enzymes or their regulations are defective.

The scientific study of heredity is called genetics. This unit is designed to introduce the student to a wide range of genetic concepts. To begin, the principles of heredity will be introduced. The student will investigate the nature and organisation of heredity; the various levels and mechanisms of expression of inheritance, the basis of variation within populations; and the genetic basis of biological evolution. Modern genetics underlies such diverse fields of study as biotechnology, agriculture, plant and animal breeding, biodiversity and ecosystem management, and accordingly the unit will include a series of case studies that demonstrate the importance and diversity of genetics as a discipline.

This unit will provide a sound knowledge of the genetic basis of disease and genetic problems of human development. Students will learn basic genetic principles as they study examples of genetic problems in human health and disease. Topics include Mendelian and multifactorial genetics, autosomal and X-chromosomal abnormalities, population genetics, oncocytogenetics, and the use of DNA technologies in gene mapping, disease diagnosis, screening and therapy. The focus will be on cytogenetics since molecular genetics will be covered in other units.

This unit covers a range of biochemical techniques and methodologies used for both analysis and purification of biological molecules. It includes advanced aspects of spectroscopy, centrifugation, radioisotopes; RNA isolation and detection, chromatographic principles and methods (gel filtration, ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic interaction, chromatofocusing); electrophoresis principles and methods (SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, pore gradient, two-dimensional, capillary); protein extraction and separation strategies. The methods and applications of proteomic research are included. The laboratory work parallels lecture material, and students gain hands-on experience in many of these techniques. The importance of quality control is emphasised and quality control programs are carried out concurrently with other laboratory work.

This unit in analytical microbiology aims to introduce students to analytical techniques for the detection, identification and enumeration of microorganisms in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and environmental materials.

Temperate aquatic ecosystems, freshwater, estuarine and marine are some of the most threatened ecosystems. Lack of understanding and pressures from urbanisation have caused alteration of these habitats, sometimes without regard to the ecological and social consequences. This unit will emphasise that to understand human impacts in our environment involves the logic and philosophy of science. On completion of this unit students will have knowledge of the main animal and plants in aquatic ecosystems and the techniques in experimental design and analysis needed to investigate estuarine, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Throughout this unit, the results of scientific and experimental work on temperate aquatic ecosystems, which inform decision-making and conservation of these habitats will be emphasised.

This unit enables students to study the biology of Australian plants. The unit covers the topics of origins of the flora of Australia, Gondwanan plants, vegetation structures in Australia, ecology of Australian plants, physiology of Australian plants and the uses of Australian plants.

This unit is an interdisciplinary unit encompassing modern and traditional aspects of the subject. Areas such as environmental, food, plant and molecular biotechnology will be studied. Special emphasis will be given to addressing biotechnological solutions to problems of economic, environmental and health significance. The unit also addresses aspects of commercialization and protection of intellectual property as well as bioethical and safety issues.

Cell signalling looks at the molecular mechanisms by which cells communicate and make responses to each other. Disorders of cell signalling have major impacts on human health and are involved in many metabolic disorders, brain function, the immune system, cancer and embryonic development. Knowledge of cell signalling pathways has important spin-offs for design of new drugs. This unit investigates the action of hormones, growth factors, cytokines and morphogens; their receptors and signalling pathways; and the cellular responses they trigger, such as altered metabolism, shape, differentiation, death. Students will expand their understanding of current developments by scientific reading and group discussion. Laboratory work will enable students to develop basic skills in cell culture techniques.

This unit will develop a sound understanding of the principles and practices of conservation biology in both an Australian and International context. Ethical and historical aspects of conservation biology will also be considered in addition to the science of conservation. Students will gain an understanding of the processes that have led to, and are leading to, species extinction. Methods and issues associated with conservation are considered; these include the principles of population genetics, population viability analysis, and the use of modelling. Other issues and concepts covered include the uses of wildlife, illegal wildlife trafficking and trade, biosecurity and the types of international, national and local laws and agreements that relate to conservation in general. The unit emphasises the importance of biodiversity and scientific research in conservation biology.

The immune system relies on a complex interplay between cells, receptors and signalling molecules for its effective operation. Antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses will be examined from a molecular and biochemical perspective. Topics include B- and T-cell receptor gene expression, antibody structure, function, maturation; MHC genes and proteins; differentiation and activation of B and T cells; antigen processing and presentation; the roles of cytokines. The relevance of this knowledge for understanding disorders of the immune system will be emphasised throughout. Medical and diagnostic applications of hybridoma technology, antibody engineering and advances in vaccine development will be discussed. The laboratory course will develop technical and interpretative skills in relevant techniques.

This unit builds on the basic ecology taught in Biology 2 and will provide students with a sound understanding of basic ecological principles and theories focussing on population and community ecology of terrestrial ecosystems. Starting with how populations grow and the structure of terrestrial ecological communities, the unit goes on to consider how communities change with time and as a result of natural disturbance, along with ways in which interactions between organisms influence the structure of natural populations and communities. Having established how populations and communities change naturally, the consequences of disturbance on ecosystems will be considered, with emphasis on effects at the community and population levels.

This unit focuses on microbial processes in the environment and illustrates how these processes may be employed in the control of pollution problems, pests and diseases, and in the recovery of minerals and fuel from the environment, including: microbial interactions in the environment; model ecosystems in the study of microbial environments; the role of biofilms in biofouling; micro-organisms in the removal of contaminants in the environment; microbial control of plant, pests and diseases; microbial systems in mineral and fuel recovery; strain construction in environmental biotechnology; ethics and the release of genetically engineered micro-organisms.

This unit aims to provide students with an understanding of the concepts of: self and non-self as it applies to the functioning of the immune system; the divisions of innate and specific immunity and their role(s) in determining the outcome of an immune assault; and the immune system in health and disease.

The unit is directed towards the accreditation of a laboratory for chemical, microbiological or forensic testing. Throughout their undergraduate studies, students will have acquired and developed a wide range of practical skills. Competency in the laboratory, however, encompasses much more than the ability to demonstrate a range of manipulative skills. This unit focuses upon the importance and coordination of good laboratory management, teamwork, calibration, record keeping and laboratory manuals. Students are required to develop, establish and operate a Laboratory Quality Management system designed for a specific class of chemical or microbiological test. The quality system is then subjected to a mock accreditation following the guidelines laid down by the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA). Students will staff the laboratory system under evaluation while academic staff and visitors act as the assessors.

This unit deals with the molecular mechanisms within cells that co-operate to create a system that feeds, moves, responds to stimuli, grows and divides. The unit will initially build on existing knowledge of the properties that are common to most eukaryotic cells and that are necessary to an understanding of how any individual cells live, reproduce and form mammalian tissue.

This unit focuses on the science that is critical to our understanding of the basic biology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases. This unit prepares students for future innovations in prevention, management and cure of catastrophic diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, fatigue illnesses, rheumatic diseases, cancer and infectious and genetic diseases.

This unit has a modern approach to the study of the interaction between the human host, micro-organisms and parasites. Students will embark on a journey into the world of pathogenic micro-organisms exploring the molecular mechanisms by which these override host defences leading to disease. Topics include: Non-specific and specific defences (immune system) of the human body. Host-parasite interaction and pathogenesis of disease. Types of infection and epidemiology. Infectious diseases of the human body systems and associated aetiological agents. This will be supported with laboratory experience representing modern laboratory diagnostic procedures including molecular biology for the identification of infectious disease agents and how this information is applied to epidemiology.

This unit builds upon and integrates knowledge gained in basic biochemistry, human physiology and nutrition. It applies to metabolism from the cellular level to the whole human body emphasizing the utilisation of macronutrients for energy, interrelationships between metabolic pathways and nutritional disorders and diseases that affect the health of individuals and populations.

This unit will begin with an introduction to the evolutionary placement of the vertebrates and the relative age and importance of the different groups. The focus will then shift to an investigation of the comparative anatomy, function and behaviour from an evolutionary perspective. There will be a particular emphasis on environmental adaptations.

Students studying at Campbelltown campus should refer to 300549 - Human Molecular Biology. This unit studies gene regulation at an advanced level, leading into the processes and practical applications of DNA technology. Students gain a thorough grounding in major techniques such as restriction mapping, DNA sequencing, PCR, DNA fingerprinting, southern blotting and gene cloning. Cloning vectors, DNA libraries, genetic engineering in different types of cells and organisms and functional genomics are studied. Students are introduced to bioinformatics and issues in biosafety and ethics relating to gene technology.

Students studying at Hawkesbury or Parramatta campus should refer to 300234 - Molecular Biology. This unit concentrates on the Molecular Biology of eukaryotic cells (human) and studies gene regulation at an advanced level, leading into the processes and practical applications of DNA technology. Students gain a thorough grounding in major techniques involved in gene cloning, such as DNA manipulation using restriction enzymes, PCR, DNA fingerprinting. Cloning vectors, DNA libraries, genetic engineering in different types of eukaryotic cells and organisms and are studied. Students are introduced to functional genomics, bioinformatics and issues in biosafety and ethics relating to gene technology.